The question of how many Cherokee tribes exist requires a nuanced answer that distinguishes between historical divisions, federally recognized governments, and cultural communities. While the Cherokee people share a common history and language, political recognition and geographic separation have led to the formation of distinct tribal nations. Understanding this landscape is essential for anyone researching Indigenous governance or genealogy.
Historical Context and Division
Historically, the Cherokee people were not a single monolithic entity but a collection of autonomous towns and regions. This changed dramatically with European colonization and the subsequent forced relocation known as the Trail of Tears. During the 19th century, the Cherokee Nation was divided primarily by geography and the trauma of removal, leading to the establishment of distinct groups in different territories. These divisions were further solidified by the United States government through treaties and the Dawes Act, which aimed to assimilate Indigenous peoples by dismantling communal land holdings.
Federally Recognized Cherokee Tribes
Today, there are three prominent federally recognized Cherokee tribes in the United States, each operating as a sovereign government. These nations maintain their own legal codes, governance structures, and services for their citizens. Federal recognition signifies a government-to-government relationship with the United States, granting tribes specific rights and responsibilities. This status is the primary legal distinction that separates a tribal nation from other types of organizations.
The Cherokee Nation
Based in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, the Cherokee Nation is the largest of the three federally recognized Cherokee tribes. With a citizen base exceeding 300,000 individuals, it is one of the most populous tribes in the United States. The Cherokee Nation provides a wide array of services, including healthcare, education, and housing, reflecting its role as a comprehensive governing body responsible for the welfare of its citizens.
United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians
Also located in Oklahoma, the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians (UKB) has a membership of approximately 14,000 citizens. While they share a common history with the Cherokee Nation, the UKB maintains a distinct government and cultural practices. Their headquarters are also situated in Tahlequah, and they operate their own tribal programs, demonstrating the unique sovereignty of each federally recognized entity.
Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians
Situated in North Carolina, the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (EBCI) represents a different branch of the Cherokee people who avoided removal and remained in their ancestral homelands. With a membership of over 14,000, the EBCI governs the Qualla Boundary, a sovereign territory within the state. This tribe manages its own police force, school system, and natural resources, showcasing a deep connection to the land that differs from the Oklahoma-based tribes.
State Recognition and Cultural Communities
Beyond the three federally recognized nations, there are several state-recognized Cherokee tribes and cultural organizations. These groups, such as the Cherokee Tribe of Northeast Alabama or the United Cherokee Tribe of Virginia, often lack federal recognition but still maintain cultural traditions and community activities. It is important to note that state recognition does not equate to tribal sovereignty or the same legal standing as federal recognition, but these communities play a vital role in preserving heritage.
Why the Distinction Matters
When attempting to answer how many Cherokee tribes there are, the context is paramount. If the question refers to sovereign nations with formal government-to-government relationships, the answer is three. If it includes state-recognized groups or cultural associations, the number increases significantly. This distinction affects legal rights, funding, and jurisdiction, making it critical to understand the specific definition of "tribe" being used in any discussion.
