Felling a tree with wedges is a time-tested method for directing the fall and managing the immense forces involved. This technique relies on physics and precision rather than brute strength alone. By creating a hinge of wood and strategically placing wedges, you control the direction and speed of the tree's descent. Understanding this process is essential for anyone undertaking tree work, whether for timber harvest or hazard mitigation.
Understanding the Mechanics of Felling
The goal when felling a tree is to manage the energy stored in the tree as it falls. A tree is essentially a tall pendulum with significant weight. When it moves, the energy transfers forcefully into the ground. The hinge, which is the section of wood left uncut in the back, acts as a pivot point. Controlling the thickness and integrity of this hinge is the primary method for controlling the tree's movement and ensuring it falls where you intend.
The Role of the Felling Cut
The felling cut is the final cut that severs the tree. It is preceded by the face cut, which establishes the direction of fall. The felling cut must be made just above the apex of the face cut, leaving a hinge of specific thickness. A general rule is to leave a hinge that is approximately 10% of the tree's diameter. This hinge must be plumb and straight to prevent the tree from settling or twisting as it falls.
The Purpose of Wedges
As you make the felling cut, the saw will eventually pinch the wood. This happens because the tree's weight closes the cut behind the bar, creating friction and pressure. When the saw binds, the tree can stop falling, creating a dangerous situation where the hinge is under extreme stress. This is where wedges become an indispensable tool for safety and efficiency.
Wedges are driven into the felling cut to keep it open.
They prevent the saw from becoming pinched and binding.
They allow the hinge to remain intact and control the fall.
They provide the leverage needed to adjust the direction if necessary.
Step-by-Step Process with Wedges
To execute this process safely, you must first complete the face cut and the felling cut. Once you have removed the saw and are at the holding position, you will begin driving the wedge. Start by driving a single wedge deep into the cut until it is secure. If the tree is slow to move, you can add a second wedge or use a block and tackle system to maximize leverage. The tree should begin to shift and fall smoothly once the hinge is relieved of pressure.
Safety Considerations and Best Practices
Working with felling wedges requires a high level of respect for the power of the tree. Always ensure you are standing in the designated safe zone, which is a 45-degree angle from the direction of the fall. Never stand directly behind the tree, as it can roll or bounce unpredictably. Additionally, inspect your wedges before use; damaged or dull wedges can slip or break, leading to a loss of control.
Choosing the Right Tools
The effectiveness of your wedges depends heavily on their quality and material. Traditional wooden friction wedges are effective but require proper technique. Modern steel driven wedges are often preferred for their durability and superior gripping power. These wedges often feature a hooked design that bites into the wood, making them nearly impossible to dislodge. Regardless of the type, ensure your wedges are rated for the diameter of the tree you are felling.
