The cicada in Missouri creates a distinct soundtrack each summer, particularly during the emergence of Brood XIX. This synchronized event transforms the landscape, turning backyards and forests into a chorus that defines the season for many residents. Understanding these insects clarifies their role in the local ecosystem and alleviates common concerns about their presence.
Periodical Cicadas vs. Annual Cicadas
Most people confuse the large, noisy visitors with the smaller, greener annual cicadas that appear every year. The key difference lies in their life cycles; periodical cicadas spend 13 or 17 underground as nymphs before emerging en masse. In contrast, annual cicadas complete their development in a single year. The sheer number of the periodical cicada in Missouri creates a spectacle that is impossible to ignore, while the annual variants provide a constant, background hum.
Brood XIX and Its Impact
Brood XIX is one of the most widespread and significant broods affecting the state. When soil temperatures reach approximately 64 degrees Fahrenheit, these nymphs tunnel to the surface to molt into adults. The males produce the iconic vibrating song to attract females, a sound that can reach deafening levels in rural areas. This specific brood includes the species Magicicada tredecassini, Magicicada tredecula, and Magicicada tredecahrldaga, contributing to the biological diversity of the event.
Lifecycle and Duration
The lifecycle of the periodical cicada is a marvel of evolutionary timing. After mating, females lay eggs in slender tree branches. The eggs hatch, and the nymphs fall to the ground, burrowing to begin their subterranean feeding phase. This phase lasts for over a decade for some broods, though the adult lifespan above ground is tragically short, lasting only four to six weeks.
Geographic Distribution Across the State
The distribution of the cicada in Missouri is not uniform; they are most prevalent in the southern and central regions. Counties with mature hardwood forests see the highest concentrations, as these trees provide the necessary sap for nymph feeding. Urban areas with extensive landscaping often experience lower densities, though the chorus can still be remarkably loud in neighborhoods with established trees.
Preferred Habitats
Deciduous woodlands and forests
Urban parks with mature oaks and maples
Rural fields and edge habitats
Suburban neighborhoods with established trees
Environmental and Ecological Significance
While the noise might seem overwhelming, the ecological impact of the cicada in Missouri is largely beneficial. Their egg-laying behavior prunes tree branches, which can promote healthier growth. Furthermore, they serve as a critical protein source for countless predators, including birds, raccoons, and snakes. The emergence acts as a vital nutrient cycle, returning nitrogen to the soil upon decomposition.
Managing Cicadas Around Properties
Homeowners often seek ways to manage the presence of cicadas, particularly to protect young trees. The most effective method is to cover saplings with fine mesh netting to prevent egg deposition. Insecticides are generally not recommended due to the vast number of insects and their short lifespan. Accepting the phenomenon as a temporary natural event is often the most practical approach for residents.
Cultural Perceptions and Folklore
Historically, the cicada has held a complex place in the local culture of Missouri. Some view the insect as a nuisance, while others appreciate the sound as a nostalgic herald of summer. Folklore often links the insect to themes of rebirth and persistence due to their long subterranean life. This enduring presence has made the cicada a familiar, if sometimes debated, character in the state's natural narrative.
